Ethiopia

PROFILE of Ethiopia / Africa / Addis Abeba

GEOGRAPHY
Area: 1.1 million sq. km (472,000 sq. mi.)

Cities: Capital--Addis Ababa (pop. 5 million). Other cities--Asmara (350,000), Dire Dawa (237,000), Nazreth (189,000), Gondar (163,000), Dessie (142,000), Mekelle (141,000), Bahir Dar (140,000), Jimma (132,000), Awassa (104,000), Debre Markos, Harar, and Nekemte.
CLIMATE:
Terrain: High plateau, mountains, dry lowland plains.

Temperate in the highlands; hot in the lowlands
Although Ethiopia lies within 15 degrees North of the Equator, owing to the moderating influence of high altitude, the country enjoys moderate temperature and pleasant climate, with average temperature rarely exceeding 20oc (68oF). The sparsely populated lowlands typically have sub–tropical and tropical climates. At approximately 850mm (34inches), the average annual rainfall for the whole country is considered to be moderate by global standards. In most of the high lands, rainfall occurs in two distinct seasons: the “small rains” during February and March and the “big rains” from June to September.

Ethiopian PEOPLE

Nationality: Noun and adjective--Ethiopian(s).
Population (est.): 80 million.
Annual growth rate (est.): 3.2%.
Religions (est.): Ethiopian Orthodox Christian 60%, Sunni /Shia Muslim 18%, Judism 3%, Protestant 4% , Catholic 4%, Judism 3% remainder indigenous beliefs & others.

Languages: Amharic (official), Afar, Agew, Guaragigna, Oromifa, Somal, Sidama, Tigrigna, Wolaita, English, Italian & French.
Education: Years compulsory--none. Attendance (elementary)--57%. Literacy--43%.
Health: Infant mortality rate--93/1,000 live births.
Work force: Agriculture--80%. Industry and commerce--20%.

ETHIOPIAN HISTORY
Hominid bones discovered in eastern Ethiopia dating back 4.4 million years make Ethiopia one of the earliest known locations of human ancestors. Ethiopia is the oldest independent Orthodox / Christians country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world. Herodotus, the Greek historian of the fifth century B.C., describes ancient Ethiopia in his writings. The Old Testament of the Bible records the Queen of Saba’s / Makeda visit to Jerusalem. According to legend, Menelik I, the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Saba/ Sheba..

This period begins with the ancient hominoids of Australopithecus and extends to the early inhabitants of the pre-Ethiopians ( African). This period also saw the arrival of Ge'ez and the Christian-Orthodox . At the turn of the first millennia, the dominant kingdom was in Aksum. This was a very advanced civilization. They were one of the first Africans to mint coins. They were powerful enough to take military expeditions into Egypt & againest-Dschihadist .

Following the rise of Islam / Dschihad in the 14th century, Ethiopia and the whole African continent was gradually cut off from the rest of the World. The Portuguese established contact with Ethiopia in 1493, primarily to strengthen their influence over the Indian Ocean.There followed a century of conflict againest anti-Islam / Dschihad factions, resulting in the expulsion of all foreign Dschihdist in the 1630s. This period of bitter conflict contributed to hostility toward foreign Dschihadist-moslem, which persisted into the 20th century and was a factor in Ethiopia's isolation until the mid-19th century.

ETHIOPIAN EMPERORS & QUEENS:

Some of the 225 Ethiopian Emperors & Queens: such as Queen Makeda/ Saba (c.8 bc), King Ezana (c.330 - 356 AD), Yekuno Amlak (c.7 bc, Lalibela. (c.1185-1225), Yekuno Amlak I (1270-85 ), Amda Tsiyon (1329 or 1332), Dawit I (1382-1411), Fasiladas the Great (1632-67), Zara Ya'qob (1434-68), Galawdewos (1540-59), Susenyos (1607-32), Tekle- Haymanot II (1769), 1788-89), Tekle Giyorgis (1889-1913), Solomon III( 1794-97), (Theodore II (1855-68), Johannes IV (1872-89), Menelik II , Zewditu (1914-1930), Haile-Selassie (1930-1975). When Menelik II died, his grandson, Lij Iyassu, succeeded to the throne but soon lost support because of his Muslim ties. The Christian nobility deposed him in 1916, and Menelik's daughter, Zewditu, was made empress. Her cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen (1892-1975), was made regent and successor to the throne. In 1930, after the empress died, the regent, adopting the throne name Haile Selassie, was crowned emperor.

ETHIOPIAN ECONOMY

The current government has embarked on a cautious program of economic reform, including privatization of state enterprises and rationalization of government regulation. While the process is still ongoing, so far the reforms have attracted only meager foreign investment, and the government remains heavily involved in the economy.

The Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture, which contributes 45% to GDP and more than 80% of exports, and employs 85% of the population. The major agricultural export crop is coffee, providing approximately 35% of Ethiopia's foreign exchange earnings, down from 65% a decade ago because of the slump in coffee prices since the mid-1990s. Other traditional major agricultural exports are leather, hides and skins, pulses, oilseeds, and the traditional "khat," a leafy shrub that has psychotropic qualities when chewed. Sugar and gold production has also become important in recent years.

Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by inappropriate agricultural practices and overgrazing, deforestation, high population density, undeveloped water resources, and poor transport infrastructure, making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, flowers, grains, oilseeds, sugar, vegetables, and fruits.

Gold, marble, limestone, and small amounts of tantalum are mined in Ethiopia. Other resources with potential for commercial development include large potash deposits, natural gas, iron ore, and possibly oil and geothermal energy. Although Ethiopia has good hydroelectric resources, which power most of its manufacturing sector.

About ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES:

Ethiopian Airlines, one of the largest and fastest growing airlines in Africa, made its maiden flight to Nairobi / Kenya in 1946. With the recent addition of flight services to Pointe Noire, Ethiopian provides dependable services to 68 domestic airfields 39 cities in Africa and a total of 59 international destinations spanning throughout four continents.
Today, the airline flies from its home in Addis Ababa to Dire Dawa, Djibouti, Hargeisa, Entebbe, Nairobi, Khartoum, Juba, Bujumbura, Dar-es-salaam, Kilimanjaro and Kigali in Central Africa. In southern Africa, it has flights to Harare, Johannesburg, Luanda, Lilongwe, Lusaka and N'djamena while in West Africa it goes through Abidjan, Accra, Bamako, Brazzaville, Kinshasa, Dakar, Lome, Lagos and Libreville.

Outside the African continent, Ethiopian Airlines now flies to Dubai, Jeddah, and Tel Aviv in the Middle East, New Delhi and Mumbai in South Asia, Amsterdam, Brussels, Frankfurt, London, Paris, Rome and Stockholm in Europe.

In the Far East, Ethiopia Airline has routes to Beijing, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Guangzhou.
While in North America it flies to Washington, DC.

The new, 3,800 meter runway and control tower at Bole International Airport became operational, along with the spacious new airport terminal with its 21st- century facilities. Renovation of the older terminal began to serve mainly the domestic flights.

Ethiopian won the NEPAD Transport Infrastructure Excellence Awards 2009 on November 25, 2009 and "Airline of the Year" award from the African Airlines Association (AFRAA) on November 24, 2009, bringing the total Awards honored since January 2009 to five.

In August, 2008, Ethiopian won “the 2008 Corporate Achievement Award” of Aviation & Allied Business for setting the pace towards the development and growth of the African aviation industry.

Ethiopian is also the first African carrier to win the 2008 Brussels Airport Company Award in recognition of its distinguished long haul operations witnessed through the introduction of new routes, new products, and close cooperation with Brussels Airport in marketing activities.

Ethiopian was the winner of the ‘2008 Best Airline in Africa Award’ at the African Travel Award ceremony in Lagos, Nigeria, for its excellent network and convenient connections in Africa.

2010: Ethiopian Airlines has entered into a code share agreement with Scandinavian Airlines, one of the founding members of Star Alliance, providing travelers with better connectivity and a broad range of services between Europe and Africa.

For more information about this press release, please contact:
Manager PR & Publications
Ethiopian Airlines
Tel: (251-1) 517-89-07 (251-1) 517-81-65
Fax: (251-1) 661-14-74
E-mail: publicrelations@ethiopianairlines.com

MEDICAL SERVICES:

Medical facilities are limited and of generally poor standard. Existing facilities are sorely over taxed. Tourists and non-citizen residents should go to private hospitals and clinics. Contact your Embassy for referral to recommended doctor. Air rescue services are available, and you might want to make arrangements with one before your trip.

ETHIOPIA FOREIGN RELATIONS

Ethiopia was relatively isolated from major movements of world politics until Italian invasions in 1895 and 1935. Since World War II, it has played an active role in world and African affairs. Ethiopia was a charter member of the United Nations and took part in UN operations in Korea in 1951 and the Congo in 1960. Former Emperor Haile Selassie was a founder of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union (AU). Addis Ababa also hosts the UN Economic Commission for Africa. Ethiopia is also a member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, a Horn of Africa regional grouping.

Training in peacekeeping operations, professional military education, military training management, counterterrorism operations, and military medicine are among the major programs sponsored by the United States. Ethiopia has one peacekeeping contingent in Liberia. In January 2009, Ethiopian peacekeeping troops had begun deploying in Darfur. The Ethiopian contingent there will consist of 2,500 troop. The irredentist claims of the extremist-controlled Council of Islamic Courts (CIC) in Somalia in 2006 posed a security threat to Ethiopia and to the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia. In December 2006, the TFG requested the assistance of the Ethiopian military to respond to the CIC's aggression. Within a few weeks, the joint Ethiopian-TFG forces routed the CIC from Somalia. Subsequently, Ethiopia stationed troops in Somalia (largely around Mogadishu), awaiting full deployment of the African Union's Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). However, the slow buildup of AMISOM troop levels pushed the Ethiopian Government to announce that its army would withdraw from the country in a matter of weeks. By the end of January 2009, all of its 3,000-4,000 troops had left the country. While Ethiopia does not currently have a military presence in Somalia, it views the ongoing conflict as a key national security concern.

ETHIOPIAN CITIES.

Addis Ababa, the largest city that is the seat of the federal government of Ethiopia, lies in the central plateau at an altitude of 2400 meters. Its average temperature is 160c .
Addis Ababa was founded in 1887. It is a host to the African Unity (AU) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). Several other international organizations have their head quarters and branch offices in the Capital. Addis Ababa is also the center of commerce and industry.

Ethiopia’s other important centers of trade and industries are; Awassa, Dire Dawa, Gonder, Dessie, Nazareth, Jimma, Harrar, Bahir Dar, Mekele, Debre Markos and Nekemte. All these towns are connected to Addis Ababa by asphalt and gravel roads and most of them have good infrastructure facilities, such as first class hotels and airports.

Ethiopia is in the GMT +3time zone. Business hours vary according to the nature of the business. Normally government office and most other office hours are 8:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and 1:30 P.m. to 5:30 p.m. from Monday through Thursday. Working hours on Friday are 8:30Am to 11:30Am and 1:30pm to 5:30pm.
Banks are open from 8:30 a.m. to 3 p.m. from Monday through Thursday. Working hours on Friday are 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. to 3: 00 p.m. and Saturday 8:30 to 11a.m.

ETHIOPIAN CALENDAR & TIME

Ethiopia uses the Julian calendar which divides the year in 12 months of 30 days each, with the remaining five (or six days in a leap year) constituting the short 13th month of "pagume". In Greek pagume means “Additional“. The Ethiopian New Year commences on the 10th or 11th of September every year.

COMMUNICATIONS

Telephone, telex, fax, internet and air mail services connect Addis Ababa to all parts of the world. Services are available at the General Post Office and its many branches ,as well as in the main hotels. International direct dialing is available from all major centers in the country.

ETHIOPIAN CURRENCY

The local currency is the Ethiopian birr, made up of 100 cents. Notes are issued in denominations of 1,5,10,50, and 100 birr. There are five different coins: 1,5,10,25, and 50 cents.

CURRENCY REGULATIONS

There is no limit to the amount of foreign currency imported into Ethiopia, but it must be declared on arrival, using a currency declaration form. Foreign currency may be changed only at authorized banks and hotels .The currency declaration form will be required by Customs on departure. Visitors may change back any excess birr into foreign currency at the air port before departure; but you must ,in addition to the currency declaration form ,bring with you all receipts for exchange transactions.

DRIVING

Drivers require a valid International Driving License, which can be obtained by exchanging your local license at the Transport and Communications office on Asmera-Road in Addis Ababa. Visitors can recover their original driving licenses a day or so prior to departure. Those with their own vehicles will require a permit from the Ministry of Transport and Communication. Driving is on the right hand side.

ENERGY (Power)

Ethiopia uses 220 Volts and 50Hz. It is best to bring your own round, two-prong adapter and transformer if necessary.

Health Requirements

All visitors (including infants) are required to posses a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate. Vaccination against cholera is also required for any person who has visited or been in transit through a cholera-infected area within six days prior to arrival to Ethiopia.

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Afropedia for AFRICANS

Ethiopedia or Encyclopedia for AFRICA and AFRICANS

Welcome to Afropdia, the free Encyclopedia for Afropdians. We will give clear pictures about the history, languages and cultures of Ethiopia and its people all National and Nationality ( The Africans ),( WE DO ALL LOVE EACH OTHER, WE ARE ALL AFRICANS ) From South to the North from East to the West. The posts and most of the images will be original factual information from the kəbrä nägäst or the Book of the Glory of Kings of Africans, is an account written in Ge'ez volumes of the Emperor Ethiopian Library located in Addis Abeba ( the city of all AFRICANS ).

Empire Negash

The Emperor ( ge'ez=Nəgusä Nägäst, "King of Kings") of Ethiopia / Eritrea.
Emperior Negash, Ethiopian Empire 622-632 AD, states that the name is derived from BAHRI NEGUSE / BAHRE NEGGUSSE 'or ' NEGASH. BAHRI / BAHRE 'NEGASH.' / The Sea of the KING of KINGS or KINGDOM / Ruler of the sea and Rule of the sea / Melake Baher ( God of the Sea );"

The Emperor / is originally the highest dignitaries in the Emperial Ethiopia " the Melake Baher ( God of the Sea ) or the protectors of the Ark of the Covenant."

The Name Negash / Neggusse or Negus, ( mentioned in the Old & the New Testament - Ethiopian / Eritrean-Bible ).

Emperor Negash " a king rules without injustice, a land of truthfulness " and immigrant's ( refugee from over sea ) were received warmly and accorded hospitality by the Negus. Ethiopia and Eritrea ( Bahr Neggusse or Bahri Neguse/ Negus / NEGASH ) has traditionally served as a receptor country for immigrant's and those displaced from neighboring countries and mostly came from over sea.

As all human beings are, in my view, said the Ethiopian Negus Negash, you are creatures of God's design and immigrant's generation in our land. We must respect all other human beings. That does not mean I have to agree with their choices or agree with their opinions, but indeed I respect them as human beings.

You have to see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as you do because the negative language habits of your community predispose certain choices of interpretation to the natives or none immigrant's of the land of the Nəgusä Nägäst (ge'ez).
So your life is the sum result of all the choices you make, both consciously and unconsciously. If you can control the process of choosing, you can take control of all aspects of your life. You can find the freedom under the Ethiopia people & their Flags that comes from being in charge of yourself and generation at generation ahead.

The refugees who had expected to be left in peace, the Negus said:

In the name of Jesus: Qouted, ( Revelation 1:8 ):
" I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End, " says the Lord, who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty." & then said,: Qouted,( Isaiah 43:10,11 ):
"You are My witnesses," says the Lord, and My servant whom I have chosen, that you may know and believe Me, and understand that I am He. Before Me there was no God formed, Nor shall there be after Me. I, even I, am the Lord, and besides Me there is no Savior.

Then addressing to the Refugees from over sea:

"There are two primary choices in life: to accept conditions of the land of the NEGUS / NEGGUSSE / NEGASH known as Ethiopia the land of African as they exist, or accept the responsibility for changing them to leave this peaceful nation.", then he said:
" I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel."

So " You can stay in Ethiopia as your homes and live in peace."

Emperor Negash (622 - 632 AD) who, also founded the town of Negash, in the North part of Ethiopia; some 850 km north of Addis Ababa, capital of Ethiopia.

"After 1400 years still those refugees are living in the town of Negash in peace."

The numerous churches and monasteries in different parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea, and their manuscript collections, bear witness to the ancient history of all the ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES and MONASTRIES. The very naming of the Negash town & the surrounded churches, monastries and chapels are an indication of the deep affinity that the Ethiopian & Eritrean OF ALL christians, their church feels for the Bible and for Jerusalem. One of the unknown by much of the world, the monks and nuns of the Ethiopian /Eritrean & the Christian Church, have for centuries quietly maintained the only presence by black people in one of Christianity’s holiest city, and their Holy Churchs are in JERUSALEM, MARIAM DEARIT/ ERITREA (Bahri Neggusse) and in the town of NEGASH northern part of ETHIOPIA.

Early Church of this town NEGASH and the NEGGUSES /Fathers = Nəgusä Nägästat realized in their study of that fulfilment that just as Old Testament types prefigured Christ, so too were types that pointed to people and events associated with his salvific mission. This typological principle at interpreting the Bible led the Nəgusä Nägästat to conclude:

"The Old Testament is revealed in the New & the New Testament is concealed in the Old. "

The overland trade route of the parts of Bahri Neggusse now /Eritrea / with the rest of the world through Adoulis and other Ports had it's own contacts with India, Rome, Jerusalem, near & far east Asia and even with China, long before other parts of Africa did. The earliest written evidence we have about Ethiopia / Bahr Negash / comes from a Ge'ez guide book for sailors and travelrs of ETHIOPIA /ERITREA. In addition to the ports, African individual who travelled throughout the land selling their merchandise facilitated trade. Empire Negash, in imposing a political empire over this network, offered the peace and security that allowed the gold and ivory trade to flourish in East Africa.